Application of Bactrian Camel Derived Nanobodies in the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens

Foodborne pathogens pose a significant threat to public health and the limitations of traditional detection methods have underscored the urgent need for rapid and sensitive novel technologies. Nanobodies (Nbs), owing to their unique structural features, exhibit substantial potential for the detection of foodborne pathogens. This review systematically examines the structural characteristics, biological properties, advantages as detection tools and preparation methods of Bactrian camel-derived Nbs. It elaborates on their applications in detecting various foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus). Nb-based technologies such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic test strips and colourimetric sensors have demonstrated high sensitivity, specificity and rapid detection capabilities. Meanwhile, this paper analyses the current challenges, such as insufficient antibody affinity and non-specific binding in complex matrices and looks forward to future directions, including modification of antibodies and development of integrated detection platforms in combination with emerging technologies. This provides a reference for in-depth research and application of Nbs in foodborne pathogen detection.