Anatomy, Histology and Electrophysiology of the Dromedary Camel Heart: A Review

Like other mammalian species, the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) heart consists of specialised structures responsible for generating and propagating electrical impulses to coordinate myocardial contraction. The electrical conduction system embedded within the atria and ventricles plays a crucial role in regulating cardiac function and ensuring efficient blood circulation in the challenging desert environment. The conduction system is composed of the sinoatrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN), the bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibres. These structures work in tandem to maintain a consistent heartbeat, adjusting to physiological demands such as dehydration, prolonged exertion, and temperature extremes. The SAN, often referred to as the heart’s primary pacemaker, initiates electrical impulses that trigger each heartbeat. The AVN delays transmission of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. The bundle of His and its branches facilitate rapid transmission to the Purkinje fibres, ensuring synchronised ventricular contractions. The aim of this review is to describe and synthesise current knowledge on the anatomical, histological, and electrocardiographic (ECG) features of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) heart, with particular emphasis on its specialised conduction system and physiological adaptations that facilitate resilience in arid desert environments.