Probiotics from food and eubiosis in Gut: a commensalism-A review

Micro-organisms are not only pathogenic but also commensal to humans and are associated with many tissues. They show commensalism by excluding or inhibiting pathogens in intestine lumen or they can improve gut barrier by inducing mucin secretion, defensin production and enhancing tight junctions stability. They can also improve immune system modulation. This may be due to activation of certain signaling pathways by probiotic bacteria which enhance adaptive immunity. Advances on the knowledge of inter-relationships between strain specificity, molecular basis of mechanism of action, host cell factors including its genetic makeup can help to determine potential benefits derived from intake of probiotic food supplements.