1ICAR-National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi - 110 012, India
2ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur - 440 010, Maharashtra, India
3ICFRE-Arid Forest Research Institute Jodhpur (AFRI), Jodhpur, Jaipur - 342 005, Rajasthan, India
4ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (NIBSM), Raipur - 493 225, Chhattisgarh, India
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, India
*Corresponding author’s E-mail : prabhut07@gmail.com
Online Published on 11 October, 2022.
Modifications like camouflage and mimicry are adaptive strategies for better protection, which evolved through many changes at the morphological, physiological and molecular level. To understand these changes many researchers have used nymphalid ground plan (NGP) as a key element in the analysis of butterfly wing pattern complexities and diversity. They have also used physiological and molecular basis to unravel the butterfly complexity and diversity. This review is an attempt to understand the mechanisms and modifications associated with camouflage and mimicry in the butterfly.
Butterfly, Camouflage, Diversity, Mimicry, Nymphalid ground plan
