Development of emulsifiable concentrate formulations from botanical plant seed extracts utilising various solvents and investigating their efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Efficacy of emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) derived from botanical plant seed extracts, employing diverse solvents was assessed against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). Seed extracts from Pongamia pinnata, Annona squamosa, Ricinus communis and Pachyrhizus erosus renowned for exhibiting insecticidal properties were employed as active ingredients. Solvents of differing polarity were systematically assessed for their effectiveness in solubilizing active constituents and enhancing formulation stability. Furthermore, bioassays were conducted to determine the insecticidal efficacy of the formulated ECs against H. armigera. Results elucidate the influence of solvent selection on formulation characteristics and insecticidal activity, with certain solvent systems exhibiting superior performance in enhancing efficacy and stability. The findings offer valuable insights into the formulation of plant-based insecticidal products.