Development, survival and morphometrics of fruit fly reared on bitter gourd at different temperatures

The study examines the impact of temperatures on the development, survival, and morphometrics of cucurbit fruit flies. Developmental times for eggs, larvae, and pupae were influenced by temperature, with longer durations generally observed at lower temperatures. Longevity of male cucurbit fruit flies varied, with the highest duration at 24°C and lowest at 20 and 32°C, while female fruit flies exhibited the highest longevity at 24°C and lowest at 32°C. The offspring production and sex ratio (%) significantly correlated with temperature. Sex ratio(%) highest point at 32°C (68.43 ± 1.09). Optimal conditions for survival were found for the 1st instar at 24°C, while consistent survival rates were noted for the 2nd instar across temperatures. Notably, the 3rd instar and pupae demonstrated temperature-dependent survival rates, with peak viability at 24 and 28°C. The length of cucurbit fruit fly larvae and adults varied significantly across temperatures, with optimal lengths generally observed at 28°C. The width of larvae exhibited temperature-dependent variations, while pupal and adult widths remained consistent. Larval and pupal weights were significantly influenced by temperature, with higher weights observed at intermediate temperatures. Adult weight showed similar trends, with maximum weights recorded at 24 and 28°C for both males and females.