1College of Education, Mindanao State University -Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
College of Education, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City 8600
*Corresponding author's E-mail : azriel.barrientos@g.msuiit.edu.ph
Online published on 24 March, 2025.
This study explores the relationship between environmental variables and leaf shape variations of Sea Almond (Terminalia catappa), a common tree species in Iligan City, Philippines. Using Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the study quantifies leaf shape variations and investigates geographic clusters based on morphological similarity. The findings indicate significant phenotypic plasticity in T. catappa populations, with particular leaf shape components strongly correlated with environmental factors such as soil pH, air temperature, and humidity. Cluster analysis reveals geographic groupings influenced by microenvironmental gradients, providing valuable insights into the species’ adaptability and the potential for ecological restoration.
Environmental associations, Geographic clusters, Leaf shape variations, Phenotypic plasticity, Terminalia catappa
