1Krishna Institute of Science and Technology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Karad, Satara - 415 539, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: rahulsonavale777@gmail.com
2Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar - 751 030, Odisha, India, E-mail: ritonchowdhury@soa.ac.in
3Department of Pharmaceutics, Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Karad, Satara - 415 539, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: gharalrutuja22@gmail.com
4Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: prakash.biotech@sathyabama.ac.in
Department of Agriculture, Noida International University, Greater Noida, Gautam Budhha Nagar - 201 310, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Corresponding authors' E-mail: shailesh.solanki@niu.edu.in
Online published on 26 September, 2025.
Many pesticides are no longer effective against insect populations due to development of resistance in insects against them insects so mostly acquire resistance to pesticides by means of metabolic tolerance and target-site modifications. Breaking down dangerous compounds and rendering them harmless depends much on enzymes such cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and esterases. Target protein changes such as acetylcholinesterase alter where they bind, therefore reducing the efficacy of herbicides. Furthermore shown by this research are epigenetic modifications such DNA methylation and histone modifications that assist regulate detoxification genes, therefore strengthening the body’s resistance. Growing frequency of cross-resistance and multi-resistance patterns makes it increasingly difficult to eradicate insects.
Acetylcholinesterase, Cross-resistance, Cytochrome, Detoxification, Epigenetics, Esterases, Glutathione, Metabolism mutations, Pesticide, Target-site
