Journal of Entomological Research

This review highlights the diversity, classification, and dual role of endophytes in mitigating both insect and pathogen challenges. Bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete endophytes colonize various plant parts and exhibit host-specific relationships through vertical or horizontal transmission. Endophytes enhance plant resistance via multiple mechanisms: production of antimicrobial and insecticidal compounds, competition for niches, induction of systemic resistance (ISR), and mycoparasitism. They also influence plant volatile emissions and tissue palatability, deterring herbivores or attracting natural enemies. Strains like Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Beauveria bassiana show dual activity, offering synergistic protection. Applications in agriculture include bioformulations, seed treatments, and incorporation into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems.