Biotoxic impact of distillery effluent on broccoli and termites

This study investigates the phytotoxic and entomotoxic effects of distillery stillage applied at graded concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100%) on Brassica oleracea (broccoli) and termites (Isoptera spp.). Pot experiments conducted in triplicate revealed that a 25% effluent concentration enhanced broccoli germination and early growth. In contrast, higher concentrations harmed key growth parameters, indicating a dose-dependent phytotoxic response. Concurrently, toxicity assays on termites conducted over exposure durations of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h demonstrated significant mortality at 75 and 100% concentrations, attributed to the presence of Aldrin, a known termiticide. The physicochemical characterization of the stillage revealed a low pH and elevated BOD, COD, and TDS levels, confirming the presence of harmful organic pollutants. The findings underscore the environmental hazards associated with the disposal of distillery effluent and highlight the need for its effective treatment to prevent exposure to agricultural or ecological risks. Additionally, this study emphasizes the role of bio-indicators such as termites in assessing ecosystem toxicity.