1Department of Fruit Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar - 751 030, Odisha, India, E-mail: subhrajyotimishra@soa.ac.in
2Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: jemmychristy.bioinfo@sathyabama.ac.in
3Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Noida International University, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddha Nagar - 201 310, Uttar Pradesh, India, E-mail: varun1.sharma@niu.edu.in
4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Karad, Satara - 415 539, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: manishaveer83@gmail.com
Krishna Institute of Science and Technology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth “Deemed to be University”, Karad, Satara - 415 539, Maharashtra, India
*Corresponding authors’ E-mail: jayakarape@gmail.com
Online published on 18 February, 2026.
Animals that live in groups have important organic chemicals on their bodies called cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). They help them talk to each other, find mates, and stay safe from diseases, predators, and other dangers outside their nest. There are long chains of hydrocarbons that make up CHCs. They act as both chemical markers and guards to protect the body. In groups, they help individuals to get along by giving different works and boundaries and letting members show their rank and breeding status. CHC patterns of different species are different and are influenced by genetic, environmental, and food factors. Some parts of their body’s help nestmates know each other and tell the difference between breeds. As a protection system, CHCs keep cells from drying out and letting germs in. As well, they help with chemical copies and disguise to hide from enemies or get into foreign bases. It’s clear that they are very useful to development and can change quickly because they can do many things.
Biosynthesis, Caste differentiation, Chemical signals, Colony defense, Communication, Cuticular hydrocarbons, Defense, Nestmate recognition, Pheromones, Social insects
