Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology

Accurately estimating the post mortem interval (PMI) is crucial in forensic investigations. Biological markers within the deceased offer a promising approach for PMI estimation. This review explores the strengths and limitations of current biological markers, including biochemical markers (e.g., vitreal potassium), microbiome analysis, and emerging techniques like genetic markers. Here the study analyzed the accuracy, reliability, and applicability of each method, highlighting factors influencing their effectiveness, such as environmental conditions and cause of death. The review emphasizes the need for a combined approach utilizing multiple markers alongside traditional methods. Finally, the study discussed the importance of standardization and validation for future advancements in PMI estimation using biological markers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of this evolving field and its potential to enhance forensic investigations.