Advances in plant transformation technology: 2. vector designing for efficient transgene integeration and expression

Vector designing over the years has played a key role in optimising DN Adelivery methods for plant transformation aimed at more efficient, stable and biosafe GM crop production as also plant functional genomics. From initially designed binary vectors and the ‘binary vector system’ have evolved several types as modular, superbinary, Gateway and their derivatives. The main objectives have been simple stable transgene insertion, site specific clean integration, transgene stacking, marker free progeny and facilitation of high-throughput analysis in reverse genetic studies. Breakthrough advances have also been made in the intragenic approach for biosafe GM crops with plant based gene regulatory elements. The review briefly covers also Genome editing a recently emerging, efficient tool for non-transgenic gene modification. The main aim of the review is to highlight the untiring efforts of the recombinant-DNA scientists engaged in the production of biosafe GM crops acceptable in both the regulatory framework and the public domain.