Nanoparticles: Utility, Immuno-Toxicology and Ethical Issues

Nanomaterials are used in various industrial applications and products as well as for numerous biomedical purposes. Nanoparticles (NPs) have remarkably different physicochemical properties than their conventional bulk materials and thus present possible dangers, both medically and environmentally. The potential for these NPs is enormous, but questions remain about their long-term safety and the risk–benefit physiognomies of their usage. Immune system is considered as a sensitive indicator against exposure of such materials. The emergence of the new field of ‘Nano-immunotoxicity’ has spurred great interest in a wide variety of nanomaterials and their possible effects on immune system. Interactions of NPs with lymphocytes and other cell types can contribute to a varied spectrum of possible effects, including inflammation, hypersensitivity and immunomodulation. Nanomaterials, following their uptake by phagocytes become a prime target for interaction with the immune system. Undesired effects of NPs on antigen-presenting cells and other phagocytic cells are of concern due to the high likelihood of NPs uptake by these cells. Studies have demonstrated that NPs have the ability to stimulate or suppress the immune system. In this review, biomedical applications of nanoparticles and their impact on immune system is discussed.