The Anabasis and lessons in leadership: Xenophon as a prototypical transformational leader

Although transformational leader theory is a relatively recent construct, the factors commonly associated with transforming leadership have undoubtedly been exhibited since human beings first began to assemble themselves into groups. The literature provides powerful empirical support for the notion that transformational leaders create heightened follower performance, satisfaction, and commitment, particularly during times of turbulence. Transformational leaders achieve this by way of charisma (idealized influence), inspirational motivation, individual consideration, and intellectual stimulation. While these concepts are certainly found in the writings of earlier management theorists, leaders who have displayed these characteristics and behaviors can also be found in ancient history. One such example was the ancient Athenian Xenophon, who played a leading role in the return of the Greeks from Persia around 400 B.C. His account of this olden military campaign, recorded in the Anabasis, describes what many might consider a prototype of a truly transformational leader.