Solar-powered irrigation systems: Sustainability, advancements and future prospects

Green Revolution in India fulfilled food demands through high-yielding crops. However, extensive groundwater irrigation using diesel/electric pumps resulted in environmental issues like air pollution and carbon emissions, among others. In order to address such issues through sustainable solutions, the country is currently turning to solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS), which is an eco-friendly alternative. With 60% of irrigation relying on groundwater and 26 million pumps are powered with coal-fired electricity or diesel, the SPIS offers the potential to reduce fossil fuel reliance and greenhouse gas emissions. Solar drip irrigation, in particular, can conserve 50%-60% water compared to conventional irrigation systems. This study comprehensively reviews technological advancements in irrigation, focusing on photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. Further, it highlights the advantages and limitations of these technologies, particularly in managing water and energy, extending its scope beyond small-farm areas. The study further explores the techno-economic feasibility of SPIS, considering efficiency, water conservation, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. By synthesizing relevant literature, this review paper provides insights into implementing SPIS in agriculture, emphasizing on both technical and economic viability. This review aims to guide sustainable and efficient irrigation practices across diverse farming contexts.