Stem Cells: Revolutionising Dentistry

Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the main chronic infectious diseases of the oral cavityand the principal causes of tooth loss in humans. Periodontal regeneration is essentially a re-enactment of the development process including morphogenesis, cytodifferentiation, extracellular matrix production and mineralisation. The significant burden of periodontal disease and its impact on general health and patient quality of life necessitate the need for more effective management of this condition. Biological approaches based on the principles of tissue engineering have emerged as prospective alternatives to conventional treatments. One such approach involves the use of stem cells which offers an interesting alternative to existing therapies for the repair and regeneration of the periodontium. Stem cells are characterised by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cell types. This review emphasises on the stem cells, their sources, applications, future prospects and challenges.