1Dept. of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK H.P. Agricultural University, Palampur, H.P., India;
2Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: pallavivet@gmail.com
Online published on 8 April, 2021.
Emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobials is a matter of great concern worldwide. Fluoroquinolones have been extensively used in human and veterinary medicine due to their effectiveness against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, however, in recent years, resistance to fluoroquinoloneshas increased globally, particularly in the members of Enterobacteriaceae. Resistance against fluoroquinolones is multifactorial, with rates of resistance vary by both organism and geographic region. Main mechanisms of resistance include one or a combination of target-site gene mutations (Topoisomerase II and Topoisomerase IV), increased production of multidrugresistance (MDR) efflux pumps, modifying enzymes, and/or target-protection proteins. Fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of bacteria have emerged readily worldwide and an understanding of the multiple mechanisms of resistance may help in fighting the spread of resistance against these drugs. Here, we outline various mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance against E. coli with special reference to the over expression of AcrAB-TolC efflux pumps. Determining the role of efflux pumps in resistance will greatly contribute to limiting the resistance development.
E.coli, Efflux pump, Fluorpquinilones, Gene expression, Multidrug resistance
