Scope of Commercial Dairy Farming in India - A Review

India’s commercial dairy farming sector has emerged as a pivotal component of the nation’s agrarian landscape, contributing significantly to the economy and the livelihoods of millions of farmers. With a rich history rooted in traditional practices, dairy farming has evolved to meet the demands of a growing population and changing consumer preferences. The total livestock population in India is estimated at 535.78 million as of the 21st Livestock Census in 2024. This census, conducted from October 2024 to February 2025, counted 15 species of domesticated animals, including cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep. The total population reflects a 4.6% increase from the 20th Livestock Census in 2012. As India stands as one of the largest producers of milk globally, the potential for commercial dairy farming is immense, driven by increasing urbanization, rising incomes, and a burgeoning middle class that seeks quality dairy products. However, the sector is not without its challenges, including infrastructure deficiencies, financial constraints, and health-related issues among livestock. This article reviews the scope of commercial dairy farming in India, exploring current trends, technological advancements, government initiatives, and future opportunities while also addressing the sustainability of and challenges faced by dairy farmers in this dynamic industry.