Biochemical and Histological Alterations Induced by Fluopyram in the Kidney of Albino Rats and Its Amelioration with Ginger Extract

Fluopyram, a systemic fungicide and a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, used to control fungal diseases in more than 70 fruit and vegetable crops. The toxic effect of oral administration of two doses 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day of fluopyram on biochemical and histological alterations in kidney tissue of male and female rats and its amelioration with ginger extract (100 mg kg^-1) was assessed. Histopathological alterations in kidneys of rats treated with 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day of fluopyram include glomerular degenerations, hemorrhage, intertubular congestion, degeneration of glomerulus and tubular epithelial degradation. Rats of both the sexes after treatment with 2.5 mg/kg bw/day of fluopyram showed a significant reduction in antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Rats treated with fluopyram and ginger extract showed improved histopathological changes and also showed decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde and increased serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in kidneys of rats. Thus, strong antioxidant activity of ginger mediates its protective effect against fluopyram induced kidney damage.