Remediation strategies of xenobiotics in urban soils and water: A review

Xenobiotic substances are synthetic chemicals that are not native to a specificecological system yet have biological activity. Drugs, industrial chemicals, naturally occurring toxins, and environmental contaminants are all examples of xenobiotics. By disrupting or interfering with many cellular communication routes that control growth, development, and normal physiological function, xenobiotics can have a negative impact on human health. These chemicals are extremely poisonous in nature and can harm both lower and higher eukaryotes. These substances are persistent, allowing for bioaccumulation or biomagnification in the environment over time. They also find their way into food chains, where their concentrations are found to be high even in creatures that do not come into direct contact with xenobiotics. Industries regularly release xenobiotics into the environment, increasing the danger of human and other biota exposure. Despite the use of a variety of traditional and modern environment remediation technologies, some of them are unsuccessful at eliminating xenobiotics, while others are too expensive to use on a wide scale. Maize Stover and Rice Husk are abundantly generated across the world, making them attractive and cost-effective feedstocks for large scale biochar synthesis for environmental clean-up. Because virgin Maize Stover and Rice Husk biochar may not be successful in removing some xenobiotics, adding modifiers to MS/RH biochar can help to generate composite MS/RH biochar, which can aid to disinfect water and soil more effectively. Some microbes have the ability to partially or completely break down xenobiotic substances. The most dependable ways for degrading these chemicals are biological and non-biological remediation procedures. Bacterial biodegradation is a cost-effective approach for land filling and composting that employs both wild type and genetically engineered bacterial strains. Many non-biological approaches that are suited for xenobiotic degradation have been categorised under thermal and non-thermal procedures.