An overview of active constituents of pomegranates (Punica granatum) as potential career in the management of diabetes through biological activities

The fruit pomegranate, or Punica granatum, has long been utilized for medical purposes for times. Its potential therapeutic properties have drawn more attention in recent years, especially in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. With an emphasis on their possible application in the treatment of diabetes, this article attempts to present an overview of the biological activities of the active ingredients found in pomegranates. Numerous bioactive substances can be found in pomegranates, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds (including ellagic acid, punicalagins, and anthocyanins). These substances show a range of biological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. Pomegranate components' antioxidant qualities are vital in the fight against oxidative stress, which is a major contributing factor to the etiology of diabetes and its sequelae. By eliminating free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation, and boosting the function of natural antioxidant enzymes, these substances shield pancreatic β-cells from harm and maintain insulin output and sensitivity. Additionally, by modifying inflammatory signaling pathways and lowering the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pomegranate bioactive components have anti-inflammatory properties. This anti-inflammatory action improves glycaemic management and lowers the risk of diabetic complications by lowering insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.