A Comprehensive Review of The Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological properties of Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin (Family: Vitaceae) is a perennial climber with a long history of use in traditional and folk medicine systems across Asia for treating a variety of ailments, including diabetes, ulcers, tumors, and inflammation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and updated summary of the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of C. trifolia to highlight its therapeutic potential and identify future research directions. A systematic review of scientific literature confirms that the plant is a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites, most notably stilbene oligomers (e.g., pallidol, resveratrol, ɛ-viniferin) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol). Preclinical in-vivo and in-vitro studies have validated many of its traditional uses, demonstrating potent antidiabetic (via α-glucosidase inhibition and enhanced glucose uptake), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, emerging research on its isolated stilbene compounds has revealed significant cytotoxic effects against various human cancer cell lines. Acute toxicity studies suggest a wide margin of safety. However, despite the extensive preclinical data, there is a complete lack of human clinical trials. Future research should focus on bioactivity-guided isolation of lead compounds, elucidating molecular mechanisms, and conducting clinical studies to translate its therapeutic potential into modern medicine.