Nutritional, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Insights into Momordica dioica

This review highlights the phytochemical composition, pharmacological potential, and nutritional significance of Momordica dioica Roxb. Ex. Willd. (spine gourd), a dioecious climber belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. The plant contains diverse bioactive constituents, including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), triterpenoids (ursolic and oleanolic acids), phenolics, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, which contribute to its wide range of biological activities. Scientific studies report its antiulcer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. Enzyme inhibition assays further support its antidiabetic action, while hepatoprotective potential is validated in CCl₄-induced liver injury models. Nutritionally, the fruit is rich in β-carotene, protein, fiber, calcium and iron, establishing it as a functional food with therapeutic relevance. The review also summarizes advances in processing technologies, such as ultrasound-assisted drying, and improvement approaches like mutation breeding, which enhance its nutraceutical quality and agricultural productivity. Overall, M. dioica emerges as an underutilized yet multifunctional plant with substantial health-promoting potential. Further bioassay-guided studies, clinical investigations, and standardization efforts are warranted to facilitate its application in modern nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations.