Review on nanotechnology for anthelmintic resistance against parasites management

Viruses are different diseases that cause serious problems for animals in different parts of the world. Helminthiasis is usually treated with anthelmintics. Unfortunately, the excessive use of anthelmintics has led to massive anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance refers to the loss of genetic sensitivity to anthelmintics in a parasite that was previously susceptible to anthelmintics. The result of anthelmintic resistance occurs in different helminths of almost all animal species and in different anthelmintic groups in different countries. Chronic treatment, inadequate dosage, genetics of the parasite, purpose and timing of treatment are the main causes of anthelmintic resistance. Regulation of cellular efflux mechanisms, increased drug metabolism, changes in drug receptor sites (reduced drug binding or reduced functional effects of drug binding) and decreased abundance of drug receptors by reducing diseased bacteria are important factors in anthelmintic resistance. In vivo methods such as fecal egg count reduction index and in vitro methods such as egg hatchability test, larval strength test, larval development test and PCR can be used to test anthelmintic resistance. Correct use of antibiotics, combined use of antibiotics and use of alternative methods are important strategies to slow down the development of anthelmintic resistance. Since anthelmintic resistance is a major global problem, it is necessary to effectively reduce this problem by using existing antibiotics and reducing the dependence on anthelmintics.