Recent Advancements in Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers for Asthma

Asthma is a complex, heterogeneous respiratory disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway hyper responsiveness, and chronic inflammation. Despite advancements in therapeutic options, interindividual variability in drug response remains a significant challenge in asthma management. Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genetic variations influence drug efficacy and safety, has emerged as a promising approach to personalize asthma therapy. Recent research has identified critical pharmacogenomic biomarkers, including polymorphisms in genes such as ADRB2, GLCCI1, ALOX5, and IL4RA, which predict differential responses to β2-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and biologic agents targeting type 2 inflammation pathways. Technological advancements, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and multi-omics integration, have accelerated the discovery of novel biomarkers and refined asthma endotyping. Furthermore, the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning is enhancing biomarker discovery and predictive modeling. Despite promising developments, challenges such as population heterogeneity, ethical concerns, and limited clinical implementation persist. This review highlights the recent progress in pharmacogenomic biomarker discovery and their potential to transform asthma management into a more precise and individualized discipline.