1INTI International University (Research Scholar), Malaysia, Department of Pharmacology, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: drcsenthilkumar@rvsgroup.com
Un control diabetes mellitus endup with microvascular complication Diabetic Neuropathy, Retinopathy and Nephropathy, among all three-complication diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Current treatment approaches—such as glycemic control, RAAS inhibition, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists—offer limited effectiveness and are frequently linked to adverse side effects. This limitation the urgent added by novel, multi-targeted approaches. Bioflavonoids, which are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds, show potential as nephroprotective agents as of their strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. Cassia auriculata, a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, it contains bioflavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, apigenin, and isorhamnetin. These compounds modulate oxidative stress, inhibit AGE–RAGE and NF-κB signaling, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improve insulin sensitivity, thereby protecting against glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and proteinuria. Preclinical research shows that these flavonoids modulate various molecular pathways—such as MAPK, Nrf2/HO-1, STAT3, and the NLRP3 inflammasome—to reduce kidney damage in diabetic models. However, their poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism limit clinical application. Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology offer a novel approach to improve solubility, stability, and overall therapeutic effectiveness. So far, there have been no reports of nanoformulations containing dual phytoflavonoids for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Based on the insights from this review, we propose the formulation and evaluation of dual bioflavonoid-loaded nanocarriers as a novel treatment strategy, aiming to synergistically regulate multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Further pharmacokinetic studies, molecular investigations, and clinical validation are essential to translate these promising natural agents into effective nephroprotective therapies.
Bioflavonoids, Cassia auriculata, Diabetic nephropathy, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Nanoformulation, Nephroprotection, advanced glycation end products (AGS), extracellular matrix (ECM), protein kinase C, oxidative stress(ros), “ Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAs)
