Advances of polar and nonpolar extracts of salix (Salix mucronata) and their In-vitro biological applications

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of the major polar and nonpolar extracts of Salix mucronata (S. Mucronata) as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities. The highest total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins content were found to be 70.33±0.28mg GAE/g DW, 51.03±0.30 mg QE/g DW, and 42.89±0.10 TAE/g DW respectively in methanol extract. Several phenolic and flavonoid compounds were screened in the Salix ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts by HPLC. A number of chemical compounds were screened in the Salix hexane extract by the GC/MS method. Besides, the methanol extract showed a better DPPH^•, ABTS^•+ scavenging activities and reducing power as compared to other extracts. While the acetone extract showed the highest Fe²⁺-chelating activity. The antibacterial and antifungal (antimicrobial) activities of Salix extracts (200, 400, 600μg/ml) were tested against eight microorganisms. Hexane and methanol showed high antimicrobial activity. All extracts exhibited both anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities and methanol extracts were superior compared to other extracts in the anti-inflammatory activity while the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest anticoagulant activity in prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests. This study revealed that all extracts of Salix may be considered as a natural source for antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant agents for application in pharmaceutical and food industries related to the presence of various secondary metabolites.