Effect of Ratio Span 60 - Cholesterol on the Characteristic of Niosomes Vitamin D3

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is claimed to be an ingredient added to food and beverage products such as cheese and milk. However, due to its unstable nature, it causes vitamin D3 to be degraded in the product. Niosomes are a vesicle drug delivery system formed by nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that can protect both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds by entrapping them in their vesicle system. Span 60 is the surfactant most often used to form niosomes and cholesterol because it is known to have a higher entrapment ability than other nonionic surfactants. Using Design-Expert version 10 with the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) model, eight formulas with varying concentrations of Span 60 cholesterol were obtained. SLD analysis results showed a negative interaction (interaction coefficient -301.35) between Span 60 cholesterol on particle size so that the Span 60 Cholesterol mixture reduced the size of niosome particles. However, cholesterol has a more significant positive effect (coefficient value + 279.45) on niosome particle size than Span 60 (coefficient value + 243.20), which means a formula with a higher amount of cholesterol causes a larger particle size. Contrary to zeta potential, Span 60 shows a more significant negative effect (coefficient value -47.54) than cholesterol (coefficient value-29.25), which means, Formula with a higher number of Span 60 causes the zeta potential to be more negative.