1Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.
10Center for Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, Russian Federation.
11Department of Animal Husbandry and Poultry, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, Russian Federation.
12Biomedical Engineering Program, School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
13Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia.
14Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
2Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Generasi Biologi Indonesia Foundation, Gresik, Indonesia.
3Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, Indonesia.
4Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
5College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
6Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Kadiri, Kediri, Indonesia.
7Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Ural State Agrarian University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
8K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation.
9Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, Russian Federation.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: rahadianzmsiphd@fmipa.unp.ac.id
Online Published on 23 February, 2023.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small and non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that infected mucosal cells. This viral genome is composed of early and late genes. Late (L) encodes the L1 and L2 proteins. The structural protein L1 is located outside the virion. It contributes to the viral attachment mechanism; hence it becomes the target for multi-strain vaccine design. This review aims to discuss the potency of conserved L1 HPV region and the innovation of multi-strain vaccines for prevention strategies of HPV infection. Bioinformatics methods in vaccine design applied for identification of conserved sequences from databases, epitopes map, antigenicity test, prediction of similarity, and autoimmune level. The multi-strain vaccine innovation initiated in this review has more benefits compared to previous vaccines based on the level of vaccine coverage via conserved regions, potential of immune cell epitopes, antigenic properties, and possibility of autoimmune when produced. Therefore, the multi-strain HPV vaccines are predicted to be more effective than previous vaccines, including bivalent or quadrivalent. In conclusion, the strategy for expanding the prevention of HPV infection could be carried out by developing a new multi-strain-based vaccine by using conserved regions in L1 capsid from all virus strains to increase the protection.
Bioinformatics, Conserved Region, Human Papillomavirus, Multi-strain Vaccine
