A review on wastewater and its use in agriculture in Morocco: Situation, case study and recommendations

Situated in a geographical location characterized by semi-arid to dry conditions, Morocco is currently grappling with the escalating issue of water scarcity. Within the framework of the circular economy concept, the utilization of treated wastewater in agricultural practices is presently being regarded as a viable approach to address the challenges of water scarcity and pollution. In recent years, Morocco has made significant progress in the field of urban wastewater treatment through the implementation of the National Wastewater Program (PNA). Nevertheless, there have been considerable delays in the implementation of rural sanitation initiatives. In this review, we discuss Moroccan water resources, an overview of Moroccan wastewater production and treatment plants, Moroccan legislation and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture, and conclude with a discussion of practical cases of wastewater irrigation in Morocco and the results obtained with some recommendations.