1Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
3Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
4Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author E-mail: jongky-h-p@fk.unair.ac.id
Online published on 30 April, 2025.
Over the years, the increasing number of diabetes mellitus cases has drawn special attention in which diabetes screening becomes a crucial effort to prevent burdensome complications. The current practice of screening and monitoring diabetes mellitus requires an invasive method to retrieve blood samples, which may be inconvenient to patients. However, no meta-analysis has examined hyperglycemia conditions in nail protein compositions. Therefore, this study aims to identify the potential of nail glycation examination as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in diabetes mellitus.
A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases and the collected literatures then were further reviewed. A bivariate random-effect meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled parameter of diagnostic values. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO CRD42021267633.
The five studies with a total of 885 participants included in this study yielded a pooled result of sensitivity and specificity reaching 87% (95% CI: 0.57-0.97) and 93% (95% CI: 0.69-0.99), with the area under the curve of 96% (95% CI: 0.94-0.97).
In conclusion, nail glycation examination has good potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in diagnosing diabetes mellitus.
Advanced glycation end product, Diabetes mellitus, Nails, Nail glycation, Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Spectroscopy, Near-infrared
