Nanogel Formulations of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Extract: A Promising Antibiofilm agent for Diabetic Ulcer Infections

Diabetic ulcer infections present a substantial obstacle to wound management due to the prevalence of persistent bacterial biofilms that are impervious to conventional antibiotic therapies. Nanomaterials have emerged as a revolutionary platform for addressing the challenges of antibiotic resistance and biofilm-associated infections. Researchers have the potential to employ Kratom in the development of antibiofilm medicines specifically designed to combat diabetic ulcer infections. This is due to its capacity to impede bacterial quorum sensing and disrupt the process of biofilm development. Objective of this study is to determine the antibiofilm properties of the nanogel derived from kratom extract in diabetic ulcer infections. The study was carried out on a 96-well flat-bottom polystyrene microtiter plate using various doses of test chemicals (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.125% w/v) to identify their effects on S. aureus. The concentration of extract in nanogel used was 10, 20, and 30% to test antibiofilm in the mid-phase, maturation, and eradication phases. In the mid-phase biofilm, Kratom-derived nanogel extract (KDNE) at a concentration of 30% w/v exhibited significant antibiofilm efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (SA), with an inhibition percentage of 79.21% ± 0.08; maturation phase of 74.12% ± 0,101; and eradication of 67.25% ± 0.046. KDNE compounds have shown efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting their potential as natural antibacterial and antibiofilm agents.