Development of Transdermal Patch dosage Form of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) for COPD Treatment Associated with Beta-2-Adrenergic Receptors Gene Polymorphism

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a significant global health challenge, contributing to rising healthcare expenses and diminished productivity. The application of natural ingredient therapies for managing chronic illnesses presents a unique opportunity for Indonesia, a tropical nation rich in diverse plant species with potential medicinal properties. Among these, red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) stands out as one of the most commonly utilized medicinal plants in Indonesia. Notably, red ginger exhibits superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties compared to other ginger varieties. However, the effects of drugs are individual in nature so that further research is needed in gene polymorphism. Ginger induces bronchodilation in respiratory smooth muscles which is greatly influenced by the activation of Beta-2-Adrenergic receptors (Β2A) which are often associated with amino acids 16, 27, and 164. With the development of technology, it is necessary to consider creating a dosage form of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) for COPD treatment associated with beta-2-adrenergic receptors gene polymorphism.