Phytochemical Profiling of Phyllanthus niruri Leaf Ethanolic Extract and its Potential in Rheumatoid Arthritis in Modulation of Inflammatory Pathways

Phyllanthus niruri, also known as Bhumi Amla and belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, has been traditionally used for its liver-protective and anti-inflammatory properties. This study explored the potential of its ethanolic leaf extracts to combat rheumatoid arthritis through various in vitro and in vivo approaches.

The ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaves was prepared using Soxhlet extraction and then underwent phytochemical analysis. Its anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated through in vitro tests that involved stabilizing human red blood cell (HRBC) membranes and preventing protein denaturation. To assess its anti-rheumatoid arthritis efficacy in vivo, arthritis was induced in rats using Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and the extract was administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, with Leflunomide as a reference. Hematological and histopathological evaluations were conducted to verify effectiveness.

The extract showed notable stabilization of HRBC membranes (80.3% at 125 μg/mL) and inhibition of protein denaturation (70.2% at 500 μg/mL). In vivo, oral administration led to a significant reduction in paw swelling (92.8%) and joint diameter (66.9%) by day 15. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin and RBC counts, improved significantly, while ESR and CRP levels decreased. Histopathological analysis revealed protection of cartilage and synovial structures compared to arthritic controls.

The findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri exhibits strong anti-arthritic effects, likely through the suppression of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. These results support its potential as a natural treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.