Phytochemicals and Herbal Therapeutics in Osteoarthritis: Emerging Bioactive Compounds and Mechanisms of Action

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disorder primarily linked to aging, marked by cartilage deterioration, inflammation, and pain. Despite various pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments offering symptom relief, no therapy currently exists to halt or reverse disease progression. This review examines the therapeutic potential of botanical products in OA management, focusing on their active compounds, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance. A detailed evaluation of botanical extracts and their key phytochemicals was conducted, emphasizing their anti-inflammatory, chondroprotective, and analgesic effects. The review also explores emerging evidence on functional foods with therapeutic value in OA. Several plant-derived compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, have shown promise in modulating molecular pathways associated with OA. Natural agents such as curcumin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibit antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and cartilage-protective properties. However, inconsistencies in botanical formulations and a lack of standardized clinical trials hinder their broader clinical application. With OA prevalence on the rise, botanical therapies offer a compelling avenue for symptom relief and potential disease modification. To integrate these treatments into mainstream medicine, further research is needed to identify and standardize bioactive compounds, optimize dosing, and assess long-term safety and efficacy through rigorous clinical trials. Botanical interventions hold significant promise as natural, accessible strategies for OA management.