Micro RNAs in farm animal reproduction: A mini review

MicroRNAs are small, phylogenetically conserved and non-coding molecules of nuclear origin. They play important, but an inhibitory role in the regulation of the central dogma of life at gene expression and translation levels. Degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) or the translational repression is the main event that miRNAs work with eventually turning as gene silencers. MicroRNAs are important entrants into the fields of science, including reproduction and genetics branches. In the recent years, concrete and concerted efforts are being made across the world in research of miRNA regulation in bioprocesses. This field of miRNA derives the significance in its potential to revolutionize the scientific understanding and manipulation of various physiological and pathological states. Research has established the important role of miRNAs in animal reproduction, i.e. from development and differentiation to dynamics of reproductive cycles; from follicle development to ovulation; from zygote development to implantation; from embryogenesis to organ differentiation; from gestation to parturition and ultimately to lactation. The role of miRNAs in cell proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis, steroidogenesis and apoptosis are equally applicable in the reproductive system. Their potential role to emerge as biomarkers for physiological processes of reproduction is considered to work wonders in accomplishing the goals of livestock improvement. The understanding of the various roles and pathways pertaining to miRNAs in reproductive tissues can provide an efficient deep insight in the attainment of enhancing reproductive efficiency, improving reproductive parameters of domesticated and wild mammalian species. In this review, we have summarized different aspects of miRNAs and their role in reproduction for livestock improvement.