Spatial dynamics and extent of HWC in the agricultural landscapes of Kashmir valley

Human–wild animal conflict poses major ecological and socioeconomic challenges in agricultural landscapes of the Kashmir valley. This study systematically maps conflict hotspots, identifies principal wild animal species responsible for crop and extent of these conflicts in agricultural landscapes of Kashmir valley. Employing household surveys, interviews, and field observations, the research uses descriptive and inferential statistics alongside thematic analysis to assess the frequency, intensity, and spatial patterns of wildlife depredation across agro-ecological zones. Black bears, porcupines, and rhesus macaques emerge as dominant sources of conflict, affecting high-value crops and farmer livelihoods. The analysis reveals that current mitigation strategies remain fragmented and insufficient, hindered by institutional challenges and inadequate compensation schemes. Recommendations highlight the need for integrated habitat management, community-based interventions, improved monitoring, and enhanced policy coordination to promote sustainable coexistence. This work provides actionable insights for conservation planning and agricultural sustainability in the Kashmir valley.