Environmental injustice and its manifestations in Africa and its relation to race, class, marginalization and Poverty

Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, ethnicity, or income in relation to development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. That is, all groups of people, including racial, ethnicity, religious or socioeconomic groups should bear a proportional share of both positive environmental benefits and the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and commercial operations or the execution of federal, state, local, and tribal programs and policies. Despite this, environmental injustice is manifested in different parts of Africa in many ways like transnational toxic wastes dumping, natural resource exploitation and the like. This paper tries to explore the manifestations of environmental injustice in different parts of Africa and its relation to marginalization and poverty.