Numerical Simulations in Underground Engineering

Numerical Calculations in underground engineering try to simulate the reality as good as possible. But in tunnelling, the geologist still cannot exactly map the reality during the design phase. Furthermore the modelling process heavily depends on the practical tunnelling specific experiences of the user. The validity of calculation results always need to be reviewed carefully. With the use of an excellent exploration programme, well developed characterisation methods and the right choice of software, which suits the geotechnical structure in an optimal way, uncertainties can be reduced, but never fully eliminated.