Prioritizing Productivity Over Protection: Welfare Implications of Extended Working Hours under India’s New Labour Codes

India’s New Labour Codes represent one of the most significant labor law reforms since independence, aiming to simplify regulations, enhance ease of doing business, and improve productivity. A key and contentious provision within these reforms is the extension and flexibilization of working hours. While proponents argue that longer working hours increase efficiency, competitiveness, and economic growth, critics highlight potential adverse effects on worker welfare, health, and social security. This paper critically examines the welfare implications of extended working hours under India’s New Labour Codes, with particular focus on worker protection, work-life balance, and socio-economic well-being. Using doctrinal legal analysis supported by secondary data from government reports, International Labour Organization (ILO) publications, and existing empirical studies, the study evaluates whether productivity gains justify potential welfare costs. The findings indicate that while extended working hours may offer short-term productivity benefits, inadequate safeguards risk undermining labor welfare, thereby challenging the sustainability of these reforms. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to balance productivity objectives with worker protection in line with inclusive growth.