(Proceedings Workshop on Tunnelling in Himalayan Geology, 6–9 June 2006, Katra, J&K, pp. 1–32).
Tunnels, shafts and caverns are constructed under many types of geological conditions varying from hard rock to very soft sedimentary soils and clays. Procedures commonly taken for underground works and tunneling are excavation, ground support, mucking and lining. Varieties of construction methods have been developed for tunneling such as cut and cover, drill and blast method (DBM), turtle tunneling and by the use of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM).
Tunnels, Underground works, Caverns, Geological conditions, sedimentary soils, Tunnel boring machine
