<p>Chick pea is widely grown in the plains, Northern hill regions and Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh. More than 50 pathogens have been reported to infect chick pea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib001">Chattopadhyay <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).<italic>S. rolfsii</italic> which causes collar rot, is an important soil borne and fast spreading fungal pathogen. Seedling mortality in chick pea due to <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> has been reported to vary from 54.7 to 95.00%. Under field conditions, <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> has been reported to cause 22 to 50% reduction in yield of chick pea.</p><p>The pure cultures of <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> obtained from Department of Plant Pathology, C.S.A.U.A. & T., Kanpur (U.P.), Department of Plant Pathology, M.A.U., Parbhani (Maharashtra) and additionally isolates drawn from mushroom beds and paddy straw beds of Raipur were studied for their antagonistic activity against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>.</p><p>The antagonistic activity of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates was studied by dual culture method on P.D.A. in Petri plates. An amount of 20 ml P.D.A. was poured in sterilized Petri plates and after solidification of media 4 days old pure culture of the antagonists and the pathogen were inoculated separately at the same time. A five mm disc was taken from the margin of young vigorously growing cultures and placed in Petri plates at the opposite points from each other. The plates were incubated at 27 + 2°C. Observations on the zone of inhibition between the antagonists and the test pathogen were recorded after 4 and 7 days of inoculation with the help of a scale. The mean of three replications was calculated and expressed in mm in each case. The percentage inhibition of growth of test pathogen in presence of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. was calculated over control.</p><p>The results indicated that the bio-control agents reduced the growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> significantly (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab001">Table 1</xref>). At 7 days after inoculation when <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> in control completely covered the Petri plate, maximum inhibition was also recorded which was maximum in case of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. (PSR) (68.6%) followed by <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (Kanpur) (58.3%).<italic>Trichoderm</italic> a spp. (MBR) (56.7%), and least inhibition was observed with <italic>T. viride</italic>(Parbhani) (50.0%). Prasad and Rangeshwaran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib005">2001</xref>) reported all the isolates of <italic>T. viride, T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. virens</italic> inhibited growth of <italic>S. rolfsii. Trichoderma</italic> spp. were reported to be important antagonists in inhibiting growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>. In this study, different isolates were found to vary in their ability to contain the growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>. <table-wrap id="tab001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Antagonistic ability of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic></p></caption><table><thead><tr><th rowspan="5" align="center">Trichoderma spp</th><th colspan="9" align="center">Radial growth<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tab001-fn001">*</xref> (mm)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="9" align="center"><hr /></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">3 DAI</th><th colspan="3" align="center">5 DAI</th><th colspan="3" align="center">7 DAI</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><hr /></th><th colspan="3" align="center"><hr /></th><th colspan="3" align="center"><hr /></th></tr><tr><th align="center">S. rolfsii</th><th align="center">Tricho derma</th><th align="center">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center">S. rolfsii</th><th align="center">Tricho derma</th><th align="center">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center">S. rolfsii</th><th align="center">Tricho derma</th><th align="center">Inhibition (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="10"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. harzianum (K)</italic></td><td align="center">32.0</td><td align="center">45.7</td><td align="center">6.5</td><td align="center">35.1</td><td align="center">50.0</td><td align="center">49.0</td><td align="center">37.4</td><td align="center">52.5</td><td align="center">58.3</td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. viride (K)</italic></td><td align="center">26.4</td><td align="center">39.1</td><td align="center">22.7</td><td align="center">39.8</td><td align="center">48.2</td><td align="center">42.2</td><td align="center">44.3</td><td align="center">45.6</td><td align="center">50.7</td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. harzianum (p)</italic></td><td align="center">28.2</td><td align="center">35.2</td><td align="center">17.6</td><td align="center">37.7</td><td align="center">41.1</td><td align="center">40.2</td><td align="center">43.5</td><td align="center">46.4</td><td align="center">51.6</td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. viride (P)</italic></td><td align="center">33.2</td><td align="center">27.8</td><td align="center">2.9</td><td align="center">41.0</td><td align="center">37.0</td><td align="center">40.4</td><td align="center">44.9</td><td align="center">45.0</td><td align="center">50.0</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trichoderma spp. (MBR)</italic></td><td align="center">31.0</td><td align="center">44.0</td><td align="center">9.3</td><td align="center">35.0</td><td align="center">51.0</td><td align="center">49.1</td><td align="center">38.9</td><td align="center">51.0</td><td align="center">56.</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trichoderma (PSR) spp</italic>.</td><td align="center">25.6</td><td align="center">48.0</td><td align="center">25.1</td><td align="center">27.0</td><td align="center">56.2</td><td align="center">60.8</td><td align="center">28.2</td><td align="center">61.8</td><td align="center">68.6</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td align="center">34.2</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">68.8</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">90</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><th colspan="10"><hr /></th></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="10"><fn id="tab001-fn001"><p>*Average of three replication; DAI: Days after inoculation; (K): Kanpur isolate, (MBR): (Mushroom beds, Raipur isolate), (P): Parbhani isolate, (PSR): (Paddy straw, Raipur isolate)</p></fn></td></tr></tfoot></table></table-wrap></p><p>Prasad <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib004">2003</xref>) found that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> was found superior than <italic>T. viride</italic> in reducing the colony diameter of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>. All the strains of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> checked the growth of <italic>Sclerotium</italic> but H-14 strain showed more sporulation than all other strains and checked 66.6% growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib001">Bandyopadhyay <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). <italic>T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. koningii</italic> inhibited the pathogen growth significantly and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> showed maximum antagonistic activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib003">Malathi & Doraisamy, 2004</xref>). Joshi and Raut (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib002">2005</xref>) found bio-agents like <italic>T. harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum</italic> and <italic>T. koningii</italic> inhibited maximum growth of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References

APPS

Annals of Plant Protection Sciences

0971-3573

Society of Plant Protection Sciences

apps-13-2-060

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Growth of Sclerotium rolfsii of chick-pea as influenced by bio-agents

Tripathi

B.P.

Khare

Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, Raipur – 492 006, India

92005

132492529

<p>Chick pea is widely grown in the plains, Northern hill regions and Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh. More than 50 pathogens have been reported to infect chick pea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib001">Chattopadhyay <italic>et al</italic>., 2001</xref>).<italic>S. rolfsii</italic> which causes collar rot, is an important soil borne and fast spreading fungal pathogen. Seedling mortality in chick pea due to <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> has been reported to vary from 54.7 to 95.00%. Under field conditions, <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> has been reported to cause 22 to 50% reduction in yield of chick pea.</p><p>The pure cultures of <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> obtained from Department of Plant Pathology, C.S.A.U.A. & T., Kanpur (U.P.), Department of Plant Pathology, M.A.U., Parbhani (Maharashtra) and additionally isolates drawn from mushroom beds and paddy straw beds of Raipur were studied for their antagonistic activity against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>.</p><p>The antagonistic activity of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates was studied by dual culture method on P.D.A. in Petri plates. An amount of 20 ml P.D.A. was poured in sterilized Petri plates and after solidification of media 4 days old pure culture of the antagonists and the pathogen were inoculated separately at the same time. A five mm disc was taken from the margin of young vigorously growing cultures and placed in Petri plates at the opposite points from each other. The plates were incubated at 27 + 2°C. Observations on the zone of inhibition between the antagonists and the test pathogen were recorded after 4 and 7 days of inoculation with the help of a scale. The mean of three replications was calculated and expressed in mm in each case. The percentage inhibition of growth of test pathogen in presence of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. was calculated over control.</p><p>The results indicated that the bio-control agents reduced the growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> significantly (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab001">Table 1</xref>). At 7 days after inoculation when <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> in control completely covered the Petri plate, maximum inhibition was also recorded which was maximum in case of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. (PSR) (68.6%) followed by <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (Kanpur) (58.3%).<italic>Trichoderm</italic> a spp. (MBR) (56.7%), and least inhibition was observed with <italic>T. viride</italic>(Parbhani) (50.0%). Prasad and Rangeshwaran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib005">2001</xref>) reported all the isolates of <italic>T. viride, T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. virens</italic> inhibited growth of <italic>S. rolfsii. Trichoderma</italic> spp. were reported to be important antagonists in inhibiting growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>. In this study, different isolates were found to vary in their ability to contain the growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>. <table-wrap id="tab001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Antagonistic ability of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic></p></caption><table><thead><tr><th rowspan="5" align="center">Trichoderma spp</th><th colspan="9" align="center">Radial growth<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tab001-fn001">*</xref> (mm)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="9" align="center"><hr /></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">3 DAI</th><th colspan="3" align="center">5 DAI</th><th colspan="3" align="center">7 DAI</th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><hr /></th><th colspan="3" align="center"><hr /></th><th colspan="3" align="center"><hr /></th></tr><tr><th align="center">S. rolfsii</th><th align="center">Tricho derma</th><th align="center">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center">S. rolfsii</th><th align="center">Tricho derma</th><th align="center">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center">S. rolfsii</th><th align="center">Tricho derma</th><th align="center">Inhibition (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="10"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. harzianum (K)</italic></td><td align="center">32.0</td><td align="center">45.7</td><td align="center">6.5</td><td align="center">35.1</td><td align="center">50.0</td><td align="center">49.0</td><td align="center">37.4</td><td align="center">52.5</td><td align="center">58.3</td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. viride (K)</italic></td><td align="center">26.4</td><td align="center">39.1</td><td align="center">22.7</td><td align="center">39.8</td><td align="center">48.2</td><td align="center">42.2</td><td align="center">44.3</td><td align="center">45.6</td><td align="center">50.7</td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. harzianum (p)</italic></td><td align="center">28.2</td><td align="center">35.2</td><td align="center">17.6</td><td align="center">37.7</td><td align="center">41.1</td><td align="center">40.2</td><td align="center">43.5</td><td align="center">46.4</td><td align="center">51.6</td></tr><tr><td><italic>T. viride (P)</italic></td><td align="center">33.2</td><td align="center">27.8</td><td align="center">2.9</td><td align="center">41.0</td><td align="center">37.0</td><td align="center">40.4</td><td align="center">44.9</td><td align="center">45.0</td><td align="center">50.0</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trichoderma spp. (MBR)</italic></td><td align="center">31.0</td><td align="center">44.0</td><td align="center">9.3</td><td align="center">35.0</td><td align="center">51.0</td><td align="center">49.1</td><td align="center">38.9</td><td align="center">51.0</td><td align="center">56.</td></tr><tr><td><italic>Trichoderma (PSR) spp</italic>.</td><td align="center">25.6</td><td align="center">48.0</td><td align="center">25.1</td><td align="center">27.0</td><td align="center">56.2</td><td align="center">60.8</td><td align="center">28.2</td><td align="center">61.8</td><td align="center">68.6</td></tr><tr><td>Control</td><td align="center">34.2</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">68.8</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">90</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">–</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><th colspan="10"><hr /></th></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="10"><fn id="tab001-fn001"><p>*Average of three replication; DAI: Days after inoculation; (K): Kanpur isolate, (MBR): (Mushroom beds, Raipur isolate), (P): Parbhani isolate, (PSR): (Paddy straw, Raipur isolate)</p></fn></td></tr></tfoot></table></table-wrap></p><p>Prasad <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib004">2003</xref>) found that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> was found superior than <italic>T. viride</italic> in reducing the colony diameter of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>. All the strains of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> checked the growth of <italic>Sclerotium</italic> but H-14 strain showed more sporulation than all other strains and checked 66.6% growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib001">Bandyopadhyay <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>). <italic>T. viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. koningii</italic> inhibited the pathogen growth significantly and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> showed maximum antagonistic activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib003">Malathi & Doraisamy, 2004</xref>). Joshi and Raut (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib002">2005</xref>) found bio-agents like <italic>T. harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum</italic> and <italic>T. koningii</italic> inhibited maximum growth of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>ReferencesBandyopadhyay

Sharma

N.D.

Dutta

(2003). Screening of potential Trichoderma strains against major root pathogens. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 11: 163-164.Chattopadhyay

Kaiser

S.A.K.M.

Sengupta

P.K.

(2001). Effect of soil factors on competitive saprophytic activity and crop sequence on the population of three soil borne fungal pathogens of chickpea. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 9: 237-243.Joshi

Raut

S.P.

(2005). Promising bio-agents on management of Fusarium solani causing seedling wilt of cashew hybrid. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 13: 149-151.Malathi

Doraisamy

(2004). Effect of seed priming with Trichoderma on seed borne infection of Macrophomina phaseolina and seed quality in groundnut. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 12: 87-91.Prasad

C.S.

Gupta

Vishal

Tyagi

Ashish

Pathak

Santosh

(2003). Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii, the incident of cauliflower collar rot. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 11: 61-63.Prasad

R.D.

Rangeshwaran

(2001). Biological control of root and collar rot of chick pea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 9: 297-303.Bandyopadhyay

Sharma

N.D.

Dutta

(2003) Screening of potential Trichoderma strains against major root pathogens. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 11: 163–164.Chattopadhyay

Kaiser

S.A.K.M.

Sengupta

P.K.

(2001) Effect of soil factors on competitive saprophytic activity and crop sequence on the population of three soil borne fungal pathogens of chickpea. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 9: 237–243.Joshi

Raut

S.P.

(2005) Promising bio-agents on management of Fusarium solani causing seedling wilt of cashew hybrid. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 13: 149–151.Malathi

Doraisamy

(2004) Effect of seed priming with Trichoderma on seed borne infection of Macrophomina phaseolina and seed quality in groundnut. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 12: 87–91.Prasad

C.S.

Gupta

Vishal

Tyagi

Ashish

Pathak

Santosh

(2003) Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii, the incident of cauliflower collar rot. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 11: 61–63.Prasad

R.D.

Rangeshwaran

(2001) Biological control of root and collar rot of chick pea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Ann. Pl. Protec. Sci. 9: 297–303.