<p>Chick pea (<italic>Cicer arietinum</italic> L) is a multipurpose pulse crop grown in India, ranking 4<sup>th</sup> among grain in acreage and first in production among pulses. Jain <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib002">1998</xref>) reported considerable efforts have made to manage the root-knot disease through VAM fungi. The present study was undertaken for the management of root-knot nematode and chick pea growth through VAM fungi.</p><p>Pot as well as microplots studies were conducted during 2002–2003. Twenty five 15cm earthen pots and microplots were taken for experimental purpose. Pots were filled with sterilized soil, chick pea cv. Type-3 sown replicated five times. Ten days after sowing, plants were inoculated with 1000 <italic>Meloidogyne incognita</italic> J<sub>2</sub> along with VAM (<italic>Glomus fasciulatum</italic>) at the rate of 20,30,40 and 50 chlamydospres. Plants were irrigated as and when required. Nematodes from soil around roots were analysed by Cobbs seing and decantation technique. At senescence stage of the crop, observation was recorded on the number of root knot, nodules, pods, plant growth parameters and chloropyll contents were recorded. The observation for both experiments were computed as per the analysis of variance.</p><p>Significant reduction of root-knot nematode and increased plant growth parameters were recorded in the soil amended with 50 chlamydospores of VAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab001">Table 1</xref>). Maximum plant growth parameters were recorded due to <italic>G</italic>. fasciulatum parasitised to <italic>M. incognita</italic> or symbiosis nature and quick metablosim of nutrients or secretion of phosphorus in the plant from arbuscules. Phosphorus also reduced the number of galls, and fungal symbionts gain by receiving a supply of essential carbohydrates and other organic metabolites from the host plant or improved mineral nutrition enhanced plant growth. VAM either increase the plant tolerance to nematode infection by affecting the physiology of plants to retard development of nematode to changes in root exudates, which might alter penetration of nematode. Similar observations were recorded by Pradhan <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib003">2003</xref>). Borah and Phukan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib001">2003</xref>) reported higher spores was formed in reducing galls, egg mass and nematode population in soil. <table-wrap id="tab001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Effect of different levels of VAM fungi against root-knot nematode on chick pea</p></caption><table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Treatments</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Shoot length (cm)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Shoot weight (g)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Root weight (g)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Chlorophyll content (mg/g)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Root knot/plant</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Root nodules/plant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th></tr><tr><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="13"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>1</td><td align="center">34.0</td><td align="center">39.7</td><td align="center">17.6</td><td align="center">16.2</td><td align="center">4.1</td><td align="center">3.8</td><td align="center">23.1</td><td align="center">23.4</td><td align="center">35.3</td><td align="center">16.2</td><td align="center">23.3</td><td align="center">45.3</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>2</td><td align="center">35.0</td><td align="center">40.5</td><td align="center">18.2</td><td align="center">17.4</td><td align="center">4.6</td><td align="center">4.1</td><td align="center">24.0</td><td align="center">24.9</td><td align="center">28.6</td><td align="center">14.0</td><td align="center">42.0</td><td align="center">50.6</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup><sub>3</sub></td><td align="center">36.0</td><td align="center">43.0</td><td align="center">18.8</td><td align="center">17.8</td><td align="center">5.1</td><td align="center">4.6</td><td align="center">26.4</td><td align="center">26.8</td><td align="center">16.0</td><td align="center">9.0</td><td align="center">44.0</td><td align="center">55.0</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>4</td><td align="center">40.3</td><td align="center">46.3</td><td align="center">19.3</td><td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">5.3</td><td align="center">5.8</td><td align="center">27.1</td><td align="center">27.2</td><td align="center">5.0</td><td align="center">7.0</td><td align="center">48.0</td><td align="center">56.6</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>5</td><td align="center">23.0</td><td align="center">24.0</td><td align="center">12.3</td><td align="center">15.0</td><td align="center">2.8</td><td align="center">3.1</td><td align="center">20.6</td><td align="center">20.8</td><td align="center">87.5</td><td align="center">48.0</td><td align="center">12.0</td><td align="center">20.3</td></tr><tr><td>C.D. (P=0.05)</td><td align="center" valign="top">3.47</td><td align="center" valign="top">2.53</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.21</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.74</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.23</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.13</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.61</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.69</td><td align="center" valign="top">7.70</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.41</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.62</td><td align="center" valign="top">6.24</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan="13"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="13">Data replicated 5 times.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="13">T<sub>1</sub> = 20, T<sub>2</sub> = 30, T<sub>3</sub> = 40, T<sub>4</sub> = 50 Chlamydospore, T<sub>5</sub> = Control.</td></tr></tfoot></table></table-wrap></p></sec></body><back><ack id="ack001"><title>Acknowlegements

APPS

Annals of Plant Protection Sciences

0971-3573

Society of Plant Protection Sciences

apps-14-1-086

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Effect of different levels of VAM on root-knot Nematode

Pandey

Gopal

¹Shukla

D.N.

²Pant

Hemlata

¹Pandey

Rajesh K.

¹National Academy of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, 10/96, Gola Bazar, New Jhusi, Allahabad-221 506, India²Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211 002, India

32006

141269270

<p>Chick pea (<italic>Cicer arietinum</italic> L) is a multipurpose pulse crop grown in India, ranking 4<sup>th</sup> among grain in acreage and first in production among pulses. Jain <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib002">1998</xref>) reported considerable efforts have made to manage the root-knot disease through VAM fungi. The present study was undertaken for the management of root-knot nematode and chick pea growth through VAM fungi.</p><p>Pot as well as microplots studies were conducted during 2002–2003. Twenty five 15cm earthen pots and microplots were taken for experimental purpose. Pots were filled with sterilized soil, chick pea cv. Type-3 sown replicated five times. Ten days after sowing, plants were inoculated with 1000 <italic>Meloidogyne incognita</italic> J<sub>2</sub> along with VAM (<italic>Glomus fasciulatum</italic>) at the rate of 20,30,40 and 50 chlamydospres. Plants were irrigated as and when required. Nematodes from soil around roots were analysed by Cobbs seing and decantation technique. At senescence stage of the crop, observation was recorded on the number of root knot, nodules, pods, plant growth parameters and chloropyll contents were recorded. The observation for both experiments were computed as per the analysis of variance.</p><p>Significant reduction of root-knot nematode and increased plant growth parameters were recorded in the soil amended with 50 chlamydospores of VAM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab001">Table 1</xref>). Maximum plant growth parameters were recorded due to <italic>G</italic>. fasciulatum parasitised to <italic>M. incognita</italic> or symbiosis nature and quick metablosim of nutrients or secretion of phosphorus in the plant from arbuscules. Phosphorus also reduced the number of galls, and fungal symbionts gain by receiving a supply of essential carbohydrates and other organic metabolites from the host plant or improved mineral nutrition enhanced plant growth. VAM either increase the plant tolerance to nematode infection by affecting the physiology of plants to retard development of nematode to changes in root exudates, which might alter penetration of nematode. Similar observations were recorded by Pradhan <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib003">2003</xref>). Borah and Phukan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib001">2003</xref>) reported higher spores was formed in reducing galls, egg mass and nematode population in soil. <table-wrap id="tab001"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Effect of different levels of VAM fungi against root-knot nematode on chick pea</p></caption><table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Treatments</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Shoot length (cm)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Shoot weight (g)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Root weight (g)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Chlorophyll content (mg/g)</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Root knot/plant</th><th colspan="2" align="center">Root nodules/plant</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th><th colspan="2"><hr /></th></tr><tr><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th><th align="center">Pot</th><th align="center">Field</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="13"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>1</td><td align="center">34.0</td><td align="center">39.7</td><td align="center">17.6</td><td align="center">16.2</td><td align="center">4.1</td><td align="center">3.8</td><td align="center">23.1</td><td align="center">23.4</td><td align="center">35.3</td><td align="center">16.2</td><td align="center">23.3</td><td align="center">45.3</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>2</td><td align="center">35.0</td><td align="center">40.5</td><td align="center">18.2</td><td align="center">17.4</td><td align="center">4.6</td><td align="center">4.1</td><td align="center">24.0</td><td align="center">24.9</td><td align="center">28.6</td><td align="center">14.0</td><td align="center">42.0</td><td align="center">50.6</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup><sub>3</sub></td><td align="center">36.0</td><td align="center">43.0</td><td align="center">18.8</td><td align="center">17.8</td><td align="center">5.1</td><td align="center">4.6</td><td align="center">26.4</td><td align="center">26.8</td><td align="center">16.0</td><td align="center">9.0</td><td align="center">44.0</td><td align="center">55.0</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>4</td><td align="center">40.3</td><td align="center">46.3</td><td align="center">19.3</td><td align="center">21.5</td><td align="center">5.3</td><td align="center">5.8</td><td align="center">27.1</td><td align="center">27.2</td><td align="center">5.0</td><td align="center">7.0</td><td align="center">48.0</td><td align="center">56.6</td></tr><tr><td><sup>T</sup>5</td><td align="center">23.0</td><td align="center">24.0</td><td align="center">12.3</td><td align="center">15.0</td><td align="center">2.8</td><td align="center">3.1</td><td align="center">20.6</td><td align="center">20.8</td><td align="center">87.5</td><td align="center">48.0</td><td align="center">12.0</td><td align="center">20.3</td></tr><tr><td>C.D. (P=0.05)</td><td align="center" valign="top">3.47</td><td align="center" valign="top">2.53</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.21</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.74</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.23</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.13</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.61</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.69</td><td align="center" valign="top">7.70</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.41</td><td align="center" valign="top">1.62</td><td align="center" valign="top">6.24</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan="13"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="13">Data replicated 5 times.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="13">T<sub>1</sub> = 20, T<sub>2</sub> = 30, T<sub>3</sub> = 40, T<sub>4</sub> = 50 Chlamydospore, T<sub>5</sub> = Control.</td></tr></tfoot></table></table-wrap></p></sec></body><back><ack id="ack001"><title>Acknowlegements

The authors are grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delho for providing financial assistance.

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