Spatial and Temporal Evaluation of Rain-Associated Agrometeorological Metrics

This study evaluates the spatial and temporal variability of rain-associated agrometeorological metrics across seven locations in Punjab, India (Amritsar, Ballowal Saunkhri, Bathinda, Faridkot, Ludhiana, Patiala and Abohar) under present (2016-2025), mid-century (2026-2060) and end-century (2066-2095) climate scenarios. At the annual scale, total rainfall during the present period ranges from 296 to 732 mm with 28–42 rainy days. Projected mid-century values vary between 274 and 719 mm with 28–42 rainy days, while end-century projections indicate a wider variability, ranging from 261 to 770 mm and 32–45 rainy days. Seasonal analysis reveals distinct trends between the kharif (May-October) and rabi (November-April) seasons. During the kharif season, total rainfall ranges from 268 to 672 mm (22-42 rainy days) in the present period, 232 to 653 mm (25-42 rainy days) in mid-century and 214 to 699 mm (21-44 rainy days) by end-century. In contrast, rabi season rainfall remains substantially lower, ranging from 24 to 92 mm (3-9 rainy days) in the present period and 31 to 111 mm (2-10 rainy days) in mid-century. End-century projections suggest continued variability in rabi rainfall and rainy days across locations. Overall, the results indicate considerable spatial heterogeneity and temporal shifts in rainfall distribution with implications for seasonal crop planning and water resource management in the region.